Files
pysim/pySim/filesystem.py
Philipp Maier 7744b6e9d1 filesystem: be case insensitive when selecting files by fid (HEX)
The file identifier (and allso application ids for ADFs), are
hexadecimal. We should be case insensitive when accepting hex
identifiers but file names should still be full matched.

Change-Id: Ibe283a108ddc9058af77c823b7222db555e1e0f6
Related: OS#4963
2021-03-12 07:35:37 +00:00

729 lines
29 KiB
Python

# coding=utf-8
"""Representation of the ISO7816-4 filesystem model.
The File (and its derived classes) represent the structure / hierarchy
of the ISO7816-4 smart card file system with the MF, DF, EF and ADF
entries, further sub-divided into the EF sub-types Transparent, Linear Fixed, etc.
The classes are intended to represent the *specification* of the filesystem,
not the actual contents / runtime state of interacting with a given smart card.
(C) 2021 by Harald Welte <laforge@osmocom.org>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
import code
import json
import cmd2
from cmd2 import CommandSet, with_default_category, with_argparser
import argparse
from pySim.utils import sw_match, h2b, b2h
from pySim.exceptions import *
class CardFile(object):
"""Base class for all objects in the smart card filesystem.
Serve as a common ancestor to all other file types; rarely used directly.
"""
RESERVED_NAMES = ['..', '.', '/', 'MF']
RESERVED_FIDS = ['3f00']
def __init__(self, fid=None, sfid=None, name=None, desc=None, parent=None):
if not isinstance(self, CardADF) and fid == None:
raise ValueError("fid is mandatory")
if fid:
fid = fid.lower()
self.fid = fid # file identifier
self.sfid = sfid # short file identifier
self.name = name # human readable name
self.desc = desc # human readable description
self.parent = parent
if self.parent and self.parent != self and self.fid:
self.parent.add_file(self)
self.shell_commands = []
def __str__(self):
if self.name:
return self.name
else:
return self.fid
def _path_element(self, prefer_name):
if prefer_name and self.name:
return self.name
else:
return self.fid
def fully_qualified_path(self, prefer_name=True):
"""Return fully qualified path to file as list of FID or name strings."""
if self.parent != self:
ret = self.parent.fully_qualified_path(prefer_name)
else:
ret = []
ret.append(self._path_element(prefer_name))
return ret
def get_mf(self):
"""Return the MF (root) of the file system."""
if self.parent == None:
return None
# iterate towards the top. MF has parent == self
node = self
while node.parent != node:
node = node.parent
return node
def _get_self_selectables(self, alias=None, flags = []):
"""Return a dict of {'identifier': self} tuples"""
sels = {}
if alias:
sels.update({alias: self})
if self.fid and (flags == [] or 'FIDS' in flags):
sels.update({self.fid: self})
if self.name and (flags == [] or 'NAMES' in flags):
sels.update({self.name: self})
return sels
def get_selectables(self, flags = []):
"""Return a dict of {'identifier': File} that is selectable from the current file."""
sels = {}
# we can always select ourself
if flags == [] or 'SELF' in flags:
sels = self._get_self_selectables('.', flags)
# we can always select our parent
if flags == [] or 'PARENT' in flags:
sels = self.parent._get_self_selectables('..', flags)
# if we have a MF, we can always select its applications
if flags == [] or 'MF' in flags:
mf = self.get_mf()
if mf:
sels.update(mf._get_self_selectables(flags = flags))
if flags == [] or 'APPS' in flags:
sels.update(mf.get_app_selectables(flags))
return sels
def get_selectable_names(self, flags = []):
"""Return a list of strings for all identifiers that are selectable from the current file."""
sels = self.get_selectables(flags)
return sels.keys()
def decode_select_response(self, data_hex):
"""Decode the response to a SELECT command."""
return self.parent.decode_select_response(data_hex)
class CardDF(CardFile):
"""DF (Dedicated File) in the smart card filesystem. Those are basically sub-directories."""
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
if not isinstance(self, CardADF):
if not 'fid' in kwargs:
raise TypeError('fid is mandatory for all DF')
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.children = dict()
def __str__(self):
return "DF(%s)" % (super().__str__())
def add_file(self, child, ignore_existing=False):
"""Add a child (DF/EF) to this DF"""
if not isinstance(child, CardFile):
raise TypeError("Expected a File instance")
if child.name in CardFile.RESERVED_NAMES:
raise ValueError("File name %s is a reserved name" % (child.name))
if child.fid in CardFile.RESERVED_FIDS:
raise ValueError("File fid %s is a reserved name" % (child.fid))
if child.fid in self.children:
if ignore_existing:
return
raise ValueError("File with given fid %s already exists" % (child.fid))
if self.lookup_file_by_sfid(child.sfid):
raise ValueError("File with given sfid %s already exists" % (child.sfid))
if self.lookup_file_by_name(child.name):
if ignore_existing:
return
raise ValueError("File with given name %s already exists" % (child.name))
self.children[child.fid] = child
child.parent = self
def add_files(self, children, ignore_existing=False):
"""Add a list of child (DF/EF) to this DF"""
for child in children:
self.add_file(child, ignore_existing)
def get_selectables(self, flags = []):
"""Get selectable (DF/EF names) from current DF"""
# global selectables + our children
sels = super().get_selectables(flags)
if flags == [] or 'FIDS' in flags:
sels.update({x.fid: x for x in self.children.values() if x.fid})
if flags == [] or 'NAMES' in flags:
sels.update({x.name: x for x in self.children.values() if x.name})
return sels
def lookup_file_by_name(self, name):
if name == None:
return None
for i in self.children.values():
if i.name and i.name == name:
return i
return None
def lookup_file_by_sfid(self, sfid):
if sfid == None:
return None
for i in self.children.values():
if i.sfid == int(sfid):
return i
return None
def lookup_file_by_fid(self, fid):
if fid in self.children:
return self.children[fid]
return None
class CardMF(CardDF):
"""MF (Master File) in the smart card filesystem"""
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
# can be overridden; use setdefault
kwargs.setdefault('fid', '3f00')
kwargs.setdefault('name', 'MF')
kwargs.setdefault('desc', 'Master File (directory root)')
# cannot be overridden; use assignment
kwargs['parent'] = self
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.applications = dict()
def __str__(self):
return "MF(%s)" % (self.fid)
def add_application(self, app):
"""Add an ADF (Application Dedicated File) to the MF"""
if not isinstance(app, CardADF):
raise TypeError("Expected an ADF instance")
if app.aid in self.applications:
raise ValueError("AID %s already exists" % (app.aid))
self.applications[app.aid] = app
app.parent=self
def get_app_names(self):
"""Get list of completions (AID names)"""
return [x.name for x in self.applications]
def get_selectables(self, flags = []):
"""Get list of completions (DF/EF/ADF names) from current DF"""
sels = super().get_selectables(flags)
if flags == [] or 'APPS' in flags:
sels.update(self.get_app_selectables(flags))
return sels
def get_app_selectables(self, flags = []):
"""Get applications by AID + name"""
sels = {}
if flags == [] or 'FIDS' in flags:
sels.update({x.aid: x for x in self.applications.values()})
if flags == [] or 'NAMES' in flags:
sels.update({x.name: x for x in self.applications.values() if x.name})
return sels
def decode_select_response(self, data_hex):
"""Decode the response to a SELECT command."""
return data_hex
class CardADF(CardDF):
"""ADF (Application Dedicated File) in the smart card filesystem"""
def __init__(self, aid, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.aid = aid # Application Identifier
if self.parent:
self.parent.add_application(self)
def __str__(self):
return "ADF(%s)" % (self.aid)
def _path_element(self, prefer_name):
if self.name and prefer_name:
return self.name
else:
return self.aid
class CardEF(CardFile):
"""EF (Entry File) in the smart card filesystem"""
def __init__(self, *, fid, **kwargs):
kwargs['fid'] = fid
super().__init__(**kwargs)
def __str__(self):
return "EF(%s)" % (super().__str__())
def get_selectables(self, flags = []):
"""Get list of completions (EF names) from current DF"""
#global selectable names + those of the parent DF
sels = super().get_selectables(flags)
sels.update({x.name:x for x in self.parent.children.values() if x != self})
return sels
class TransparentEF(CardEF):
"""Transparent EF (Entry File) in the smart card filesystem"""
@with_default_category('Transparent EF Commands')
class ShellCommands(CommandSet):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
read_bin_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
read_bin_parser.add_argument('--offset', type=int, default=0, help='Byte offset for start of read')
read_bin_parser.add_argument('--length', type=int, help='Number of bytes to read')
@cmd2.with_argparser(read_bin_parser)
def do_read_binary(self, opts):
"""Read binary data from a transparent EF"""
(data, sw) = self._cmd.rs.read_binary(opts.length, opts.offset)
self._cmd.poutput(data)
def do_read_binary_decoded(self, opts):
"""Read + decode data from a transparent EF"""
(data, sw) = self._cmd.rs.read_binary_dec()
self._cmd.poutput(json.dumps(data, indent=4))
upd_bin_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
upd_bin_parser.add_argument('--offset', type=int, default=0, help='Byte offset for start of read')
upd_bin_parser.add_argument('data', help='Data bytes (hex format) to write')
@cmd2.with_argparser(upd_bin_parser)
def do_update_binary(self, opts):
"""Update (Write) data of a transparent EF"""
(data, sw) = self._cmd.rs.update_binary(opts.data, opts.offset)
self._cmd.poutput(data)
upd_bin_dec_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
upd_bin_dec_parser.add_argument('data', help='Abstract data (JSON format) to write')
@cmd2.with_argparser(upd_bin_dec_parser)
def do_update_binary_decoded(self, opts):
"""Encode + Update (Write) data of a transparent EF"""
data_json = json.loads(opts.data)
(data, sw) = self._cmd.rs.update_binary_dec(data_json)
self._cmd.poutput(json.dumps(data, indent=4))
def __init__(self, fid, sfid=None, name=None, desc=None, parent=None, size={1,None}):
super().__init__(fid=fid, sfid=sfid, name=name, desc=desc, parent=parent)
self.size = size
self.shell_commands = [self.ShellCommands()]
def decode_bin(self, raw_bin_data):
"""Decode raw (binary) data into abstract representation. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_decode_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_bin_data)
method = getattr(self, '_decode_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(b2h(raw_bin_data))
return {'raw': raw_bin_data.hex()}
def decode_hex(self, raw_hex_data):
"""Decode raw (hex string) data into abstract representation. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_decode_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_hex_data)
raw_bin_data = h2b(raw_hex_data)
method = getattr(self, '_decode_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_bin_data)
return {'raw': raw_bin_data.hex()}
def encode_bin(self, abstract_data):
"""Encode abstract representation into raw (binary) data. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_encode_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return method(abstract_data)
method = getattr(self, '_encode_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return h2b(method(abstract_data))
raise NotImplementedError
def encode_hex(self, abstract_data):
"""Encode abstract representation into raw (hex string) data. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_encode_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(abstract_data)
method = getattr(self, '_encode_bin', None)
if callable(method):
raw_bin_data = method(abstract_data)
return b2h(raw_bin_data)
raise NotImplementedError
class LinFixedEF(CardEF):
"""Linear Fixed EF (Entry File) in the smart card filesystem"""
@with_default_category('Linear Fixed EF Commands')
class ShellCommands(CommandSet):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
read_rec_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
read_rec_parser.add_argument('record_nr', type=int, help='Number of record to be read')
@cmd2.with_argparser(read_rec_parser)
def do_read_record(self, opts):
"""Read a record from a record-oriented EF"""
(data, sw) = self._cmd.rs.read_record(opts.record_nr)
self._cmd.poutput(data)
read_rec_dec_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
read_rec_dec_parser.add_argument('record_nr', type=int, help='Number of record to be read')
@cmd2.with_argparser(read_rec_dec_parser)
def do_read_record_decoded(self, opts):
"""Read + decode a record from a record-oriented EF"""
(data, sw) = self._cmd.rs.read_record_dec(opts.record_nr)
self._cmd.poutput(json.dumps(data, indent=4))
upd_rec_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
upd_rec_parser.add_argument('record_nr', type=int, help='Number of record to be read')
upd_rec_parser.add_argument('data', help='Data bytes (hex format) to write')
@cmd2.with_argparser(upd_rec_parser)
def do_update_record(self, opts):
"""Update (write) data to a record-oriented EF"""
(data, sw) = self._cmd.rs.update_record(opts.record_nr, opts.data)
self._cmd.poutput(data)
upd_rec_dec_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
upd_rec_dec_parser.add_argument('record_nr', type=int, help='Number of record to be read')
upd_rec_dec_parser.add_argument('data', help='Data bytes (hex format) to write')
@cmd2.with_argparser(upd_rec_dec_parser)
def do_update_record_decoded(self, opts):
"""Encode + Update (write) data to a record-oriented EF"""
(data, sw) = self._cmd.rs.update_record_dec(opts.record_nr, opts.data)
self._cmd.poutput(data)
def __init__(self, fid, sfid=None, name=None, desc=None, parent=None, rec_len={1,None}):
super().__init__(fid=fid, sfid=sfid, name=name, desc=desc, parent=parent)
self.rec_len = rec_len
self.shell_commands = [self.ShellCommands()]
def decode_record_hex(self, raw_hex_data):
"""Decode raw (hex string) data into abstract representation. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_decode_record_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_hex_data)
raw_bin_data = h2b(raw_hex_data)
method = getattr(self, '_decode_record_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_bin_data)
return {'raw': raw_bin_data.hex()}
def decode_record_bin(self, raw_bin_data):
"""Decode raw (binary) data into abstract representation. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_decode_record_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_bin_data)
raw_hex_data = b2h(raw_bin_data)
method = getattr(self, '_decode_record_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_hex_data)
return {'raw': raw_hex_data}
def encode_record_hex(self, abstract_data):
"""Encode abstract representation into raw (hex string) data. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_encode_record_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(abstract_data)
method = getattr(self, '_encode_record_bin', None)
if callable(method):
raw_bin_data = method(abstract_data)
return b2h(raww_bin_data)
raise NotImplementedError
def encode_record_bin(self, abstract_data):
"""Encode abstract representation into raw (binary) data. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_encode_record_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return method(abstract_data)
method = getattr(self, '_encode_record_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return b2h(method(abstract_data))
raise NotImplementedError
class CyclicEF(LinFixedEF):
"""Cyclic EF (Entry File) in the smart card filesystem"""
# we don't really have any special support for those; just recycling LinFixedEF here
def __init__(self, fid, sfid=None, name=None, desc=None, parent=None, rec_len={1,None}):
super().__init__(fid=fid, sfid=sfid, name=name, desc=desc, parent=parent, rec_len=rec_len)
class TransRecEF(TransparentEF):
"""Transparent EF (Entry File) containing fixed-size records.
These are the real odd-balls and mostly look like mistakes in the specification:
Specified as 'transparent' EF, but actually containing several fixed-length records
inside.
We add a special class for those, so the user only has to provide encoder/decoder functions
for a record, while this class takes care of split / merge of records.
"""
def __init__(self, fid, sfid=None, name=None, desc=None, parent=None, rec_len=None, size={1,None}):
super().__init__(fid=fid, sfid=sfid, name=name, desc=desc, parent=parent, size=size)
self.rec_len = rec_len
def decode_record_hex(self, raw_hex_data):
"""Decode raw (hex string) data into abstract representation. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_decode_record_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_hex_data)
method = getattr(self, '_decode_record_bin', None)
if callable(method):
raw_bin_data = h2b(raw_hex_data)
return method(raw_bin_data)
return {'raw': raw_hex_data}
def decode_record_bin(self, raw_bin_data):
"""Decode raw (hex string) data into abstract representation. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_decode_record_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_bin_data)
raw_hex_data = b2h(raw_bin_data)
method = getattr(self, '_decode_record_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(raw_hex_data)
return {'raw': raw_hex_data}
def encode_record_hex(self, abstract_data):
"""Encode abstract representation into raw (hex string) data. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_encode_record_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return method(abstract_data)
method = getattr(self, '_encode_record_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return h2b(method(abstract_data))
raise NotImplementedError
def encode_record_bin(self, abstract_data):
"""Encode abstract representation into raw (binary) data. Overloaded by specific classes."""
method = getattr(self, '_encode_record_bin', None)
if callable(method):
return method(abstract_data)
method = getattr(self, '_encode_record_hex', None)
if callable(method):
return h2b(method(abstract_data))
raise NotImplementedError
def _decode_bin(self, raw_bin_data):
chunks = [raw_bin_data[i:i+self.rec_len] for i in range(0, len(raw_bin_data), self.rec_len)]
return [self.decode_record_bin(x) for x in chunks]
def _encode_bin(self, abstract_data):
chunks = [self.encode_record_bin(x) for x in abstract_data]
# FIXME: pad to file size
return b''.join(chunks)
class RuntimeState(object):
"""Represent the runtime state of a session with a card."""
def __init__(self, card, profile):
self.mf = CardMF()
self.card = card
self.selected_file = self.mf
self.profile = profile
# add applications + MF-files from profile
for a in self.profile.applications:
self.mf.add_application(a)
for f in self.profile.files_in_mf:
self.mf.add_file(f)
def get_cwd(self):
"""Obtain the current working directory."""
if isinstance(self.selected_file, CardDF):
return self.selected_file
else:
return self.selected_file.parent
def get_application(self):
"""Obtain the currently selected application (if any)."""
# iterate upwards from selected file; check if any is an ADF
node = self.selected_file
while node.parent != node:
if isinstance(node, CardADF):
return node
node = node.parent
return None
def interpret_sw(self, sw):
"""Interpret the given SW relative to the currently selected Application
or the underlying profile."""
app = self.get_application()
if app:
# The application either comes with its own interpret_sw
# method or we will use the interpret_sw method from the
# card profile.
if hasattr(app, "interpret_sw"):
return app.interpret_sw(sw)
else:
return self.profile.interpret_sw(sw)
return app.interpret_sw(sw)
else:
return self.profile.interpret_sw(sw)
def select(self, name, cmd_app=None):
"""Change current directory"""
sels = self.selected_file.get_selectables()
if is_hex(name):
name = name.lower()
if name in sels:
f = sels[name]
# unregister commands of old file
if cmd_app and self.selected_file.shell_commands:
for c in self.selected_file.shell_commands:
cmd_app.unregister_command_set(c)
try:
if isinstance(f, CardADF):
(data, sw) = self.card._scc.select_adf(f.aid)
else:
(data, sw) = self.card._scc.select_file(f.fid)
self.selected_file = f
except SwMatchError as swm:
k = self.interpret_sw(swm.sw_actual)
if not k:
raise(swm)
raise RuntimeError("%s: %s - %s" % (swm.sw_actual, k[0], k[1]))
# register commands of new file
if cmd_app and self.selected_file.shell_commands:
for c in self.selected_file.shell_commands:
cmd_app.register_command_set(c)
return f.decode_select_response(data)
#elif looks_like_fid(name):
else:
raise ValueError("Cannot select unknown %s" % (name))
def read_binary(self, length=None, offset=0):
if not isinstance(self.selected_file, TransparentEF):
raise TypeError("Only works with TransparentEF")
return self.card._scc.read_binary(self.selected_file.fid, length, offset)
def read_binary_dec(self):
(data, sw) = self.read_binary()
dec_data = self.selected_file.decode_hex(data)
print("%s: %s -> %s" % (sw, data, dec_data))
return (dec_data, sw)
def update_binary(self, data_hex, offset=0):
if not isinstance(self.selected_file, TransparentEF):
raise TypeError("Only works with TransparentEF")
return self.card._scc.update_binary(self.selected_file.fid, data_hex, offset)
def update_binary_dec(self, data):
data_hex = self.selected_file.encode_hex(data)
print("%s -> %s" % (data, data_hex))
return self.update_binary(data_hex)
def read_record(self, rec_nr=0):
if not isinstance(self.selected_file, LinFixedEF):
raise TypeError("Only works with Linear Fixed EF")
# returns a string of hex nibbles
return self.card._scc.read_record(self.selected_file.fid, rec_nr)
def read_record_dec(self, rec_nr=0):
(data, sw) = self.read_record(rec_nr)
return (self.selected_file.decode_record_hex(data), sw)
def update_record(self, rec_nr, data_hex):
if not isinstance(self.selected_file, LinFixedEF):
raise TypeError("Only works with Linear Fixed EF")
return self.card._scc.update_record(self.selected_file.fid, rec_nr, data_hex)
def update_record_dec(self, rec_nr, data):
hex_data = self.selected_file.encode_record_hex(data)
return self.update_record(self, rec_nr, data_hex)
class FileData(object):
"""Represent the runtime, on-card data."""
def __init__(self, fdesc):
self.desc = fdesc
self.fcp = None
def interpret_sw(sw_data, sw):
"""Interpret a given status word within the profile. Returns tuple of
two strings"""
for class_str, swdict in sw_data.items():
# first try direct match
if sw in swdict:
return (class_str, swdict[sw])
# next try wildcard matches
for pattern, descr in swdict.items():
if sw_match(sw, pattern):
return (class_str, descr)
return None
class CardApplication(object):
"""A card application is represented by an ADF (with contained hierarchy) and optionally
some SW definitions."""
def __init__(self, name, adf=None, sw={}):
self.name = name
self.adf = adf
self.sw = sw
def __str__(self):
return "APP(%s)" % (self.name)
def interpret_sw(self, sw):
"""Interpret a given status word within the application. Returns tuple of
two strings"""
return interpret_sw(self.sw, sw)
class CardProfile(object):
"""A Card Profile describes a card, it's filessystem hierarchy, an [initial] list of
applications as well as profile-specific SW and shell commands. Every card has
one card profile, but there may be multiple applications within that profile."""
def __init__(self, name, desc=None, files_in_mf=[], sw=[], applications=[], shell_cmdsets=[]):
self.name = name
self.desc = desc
self.files_in_mf = files_in_mf
self.sw = sw
self.applications = applications
self.shell_cmdsets = shell_cmdsets
def __str__(self):
return self.name
def add_application(self, app):
self.applications.add(app)
def interpret_sw(self, sw):
"""Interpret a given status word within the profile. Returns tuple of
two strings"""
return interpret_sw(self.sw, sw)
######################################################################
if __name__ == '__main__':
mf = CardMF()
adf_usim = ADF('a0000000871002', name='ADF_USIM')
mf.add_application(adf_usim)
df_pb = CardDF('5f3a', name='DF.PHONEBOOK')
adf_usim.add_file(df_pb)
adf_usim.add_file(TransparentEF('6f05', name='EF.LI', size={2,16}))
adf_usim.add_file(TransparentEF('6f07', name='EF.IMSI', size={9,9}))
rss = RuntimeState(mf, None)
interp = code.InteractiveConsole(locals={'mf':mf, 'rss':rss})
interp.interact()